papua), macaroni ( Eudyptes chrysolophus), royal ( E. patagonicus), Adélie ( Pygoscelis adeliae), chinstrap ( P. Among 18 extant penguin species, eight (emperor ( Aptenodytes forsteri), king ( A. Penguins are the most common birds in Antarctica. For instance, penguins have developed densely packed, scale-like feathers which are good for waterproof and thermal insulation their eye lens and visual sensitivity of penguins are adapted for the efficiency of underwater predation to overcome buoyancy force in water, penguins have developed dense bones and stiff wing joints, and reduced the distal wing musculature. To be competent for an underwater life, penguins have undergone multiple morphological adaptations. Although all extant penguins have completely lost the capacity for aerial flight, they employ modified flipper-like wings in wing-propelled diving or underwater flight. Sphenisciformes (penguins), an avian order comprising six extant genera and 18 species, are flightless aquatic birds widely distributed in the Southern Hemisphere.
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